FarmasiMu

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF N-HEXANA FRACTION OF BANANA SKIN WASTE (Musa paradisiaca) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Mariam Ulfah, Riska Novianah, Like Efriani — Wed, 12 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Infectious diseases are still a major health problem in several countries, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. Control of pathogenic bacteria is important to prevent the spread of disease and infection, as well as to eradicate pathogenic bacteria in infected hosts . An example of a pathogenic bacterium is Eschereshiae coli. E. coli can cause diarrhea, urinary tract infections, meningitis pneumonia in newborns, and wound infections. Staphylococcus aureus can cause food poisoning, mild to severe skin infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolites contained in the banana peel, to determine the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane fraction of the banana peel against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and to determine the concentration of the n-hexane fraction of banana peel waste that can inhibit growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The method used is phytochemical testing using several reagents and for the antibacterial method using the post-test only control group design method. The results showed that the n-hexane fraction of the banana peel was bacteriostatic. Banana peel simplicia with acetone solvent 3X 24 hours, then fractionated using n-hexane solvent then made a concentration of 25%, 50%, and 75% after that an antibacterial test was carried out. The results showed that the phytochemical test using the n-hexane fraction of horn banana peel contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The test results of the inhibition zone of the 75% n-hexane fraction was the best concentration for the antibacterial activity test with an inhibition zone value of 17.11 mm with a strong category for E. coli bacteria and for S. aureus inhibition zone values ??of 6.33 mm. with medium category.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli

Mariam Ulfah — Wed, 12 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia is a country that is very rich in natural resources. Plants in Indonesia are a repository of natural compound compounds that have diverse structures and pharmacological activities. Indonesian people use plants for traditional medicine. One of the plants that have been used by the Indonesian people as an ingredient for treatment is temulawak (Curcuma xanthorizha Roxb), especially in the rhizome. Temulawak contains many secondary metabolites with various pharmacological activities such as antioxidants, anticancer and antidiabetic. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of temulawak (C. xanthorizha Roxb) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Temulawak dry powder was macerated using ethanol for 3 x 24 hours. Then the macerate was filtered and concentrated to obtain the ethanol extract of temulawak. Furthermore, this extract was tested for its antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer Disc diffusion method using DMSO as a negative control and amoxicillin as a positive control for E. coli bacteria and chloramphenicol as a positive control for S. aureus bacteria. The result of this antibacterial activity test is that the ethanolic extract of temulawak has antibacterial activity with an average inhibition zone value of 25 mm (very strong) against S. aureus bacteria and 11 mm (moderate) against E. coli bacteria.

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TERHADAP SIKAP DAN TINDAKAN SWAMEDIKASI JERAWAT SISWA-SISWI SMK FARMASI MUHAMMADIYAH 1 CIREBON

Wed, 12 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Acne is a type of skin health problem that is often experienced by a person, especially teenagers. In dealing with teenage acne, self-medication/self-medication is one of the treatment efforts. Self-medication or self-medication is a pharmaceutical service activity that is usually carried out to treat mild disease symptoms without a doctor's prescription. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge on the attitudes and actions of self-medication of the students of SMK Pharmacy Muhammadiyah 1 Cirebon. This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The data was taken using a questionnaire and the sample used was 194 respondents who met the inclusion criteria taken using a simple random sampling technique and the instrument used was a questionnaire. The results showed that students had good knowledge as many as 166 people (85%), knowledge was quite good as many as 26 people (14%) and 2 people had less good knowledge (1%). The attitude of agreeing with as many as 174 people (90%) and the attitude of doubt as many as 20 people (10%). While for good actions as many as 44 people (22.60%), quite good as many as 137 people (70.60%) and not good as many as 13 people (6.80%). Data analysis using Spearman correlation statistical test. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes toward performing acne self-medication (p-value = 0.001; p <0.05) and the level of knowledge about acne self-medication (p-value = 0.000; p <0.05). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge affects the attitudes and actions of self-medication students at the Muhammadiyah Cirebon Pharmacy Vocational School.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI SEDIAAN BALSAM EKSTRAK JAHE MERAH (Zingiber Officinale Rosc Var. Rubrum) SEBAGAI PEREDA NYERI OTOT DAN SENDI

Teguh Adiyas Putra, Zakky Alfikri, Ismanurrahman Hadi — Wed, 12 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia is an agricultural country that has extraordinary potential, especially the results of spices such as red ginger. Red ginger as a topical preparation such as balsam. The warm nature of red ginger is possible to be used as a balm because it contains gingerol and shogaol compounds which can produce drug effectiveness as a muscle and joint pain reliever. This study was to find out the best formula for the balsam formulation of red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc Var. Rubrum) extract. This research is a controlled group formulation research using a reference formulation modified by phytochemical extracts in red ginger extract (Zingiberis Officinale Rosc Var.Rubrum). This research was conducted in June - August 2022. The research was conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of the Muhammadiyah Cirebon School of Health Sciences. The balsam formulation was determined by making 5 (Five) (FI, FII, FIII, FIV and FV) balsam formulations by varying the red ginger extract with concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. To obtain balsam preparations with the best formulations, evaluation tests of the preparations were carried out including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, spreadability tests and adhesion tests and irritation tests. The results showed that the best balsam formulation was from red ginger extract (Zingiberis Officinale Rosc Var.Rubrum). FII and FIII have clear yellow and clear brown colors; distinctive smell of red ginger extract (Zingiberis Officinale Rosc Var. Rubrum); semi-solid consistency; homogeneous; has a pH of 6.3, spreading with a diameter of 2.6-5.7cm; and able to attach in about 2.5-3.2 seconds.

ANTIBACTERIAL COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC GROWTH OF EXTRACT ETHANOLIC OF BASIL LEAF (Ocimum basilicum Folium) AGAINST Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Ismanurrahman Hadi, Asya Nurfazera, Mariam Ulfah — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Basil is one of plants which can be used as traditional medicine. Basil can be utilized to some infectious disease therapies, such as diarrhea and to other therapies. Different geographical location grows can cause the secondary metabolite content from different basil leaf. This research proposes to know comparation antibacterial effect of different basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum folium) from different growing areas to Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli bacteria. This research is starting with basil leaf extraction from lowland and high, phytochemical screening and KLT also bacterial activity test by using concentration variation 20%, 40%, 60% extract and positive control of chloramphenicol. Observation of inhibition zone diameter (DZH) is performed as parameter bacterial activity. Phytochemical test results obtained from lowland and highland basil leaves showed positive results containing flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Testing on KLT showed the presence of flavonoid with the formation of yellow-brown spots after spraying ammonia. In the antibacterial test the results with the largest DZH, it is in extract concentration 60%, which is the best concentration. DZH from lowland on Staphylococcus aureus obtained a value of 22 mm. In the other hand for Escherichia coli bacteria lowland DZH that is generated by 9 mm and to the highland extract obtained DZH of 19 mm. the results obtained from both regions showed differences in bacterial activity. The extract shows bacterial activity that is “very strong” (highland) and “strong” (lowland) to the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Meanwhile to Escherichia coli bacteria showed “strong” effect (highland) and “middle” (lowland). Finally, the result showed that the best effect of antibacterial on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria is on the concentration 60% from highland.

EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL STABILITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST S. aureus BACTERIA PREPARATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT CREAM OF WATER LEAVES (Syzygium aqueum) WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF TRIETHANOLAMINE

Teguh Adiyas Putra, Sri Mulyani Indarwati, Ismanurrahman Hadi — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Syzygium aqueum or water guava plants contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. The flavonoid content contained has antibacterial activity with the mechanism of disrupting bacterial metabolism. Aureus by binding to proteins. The aims of this study were to determine the best formulation of guava leaf ethanolic extract into cream preparations, to determine the physical evaluation of guava leaf ethanolic extract cream preparations with different concentrations of triethanolamine, to find out guava leaf ethanolic extract cream preparations had Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial activity with different emulsifier concentrations. Leaf extract was obtained using 96% ethanol and dechlorophyllation was carried out to remove leaf green matter by the extraction method. Phytochemical tests were carried out by chemical reaction tests consisting of saponin tests, tannin tests, alkaloid tests and terpenoid tests showed positive results for all tests. TLC test was performed for flavonoid compounds with positive results. The ethanolic extract of guava leaves can be used as a cream preparation with an extract concentration of 12.5% ??with a different triethanolamine emulsifier with a concentration difference of 2%, 3% and 4%, with evaluations (pH test, homogeneity test, emulsion type test, dispersibility test, etc.) and adhesion test) and Staphylococcus aureus anti-bacterial testing. The results obtained indicate that the formulation has met the physical requirements, in terms of organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, pH, dispersibility, and adhesion. In antibacterial testing with 2% Staphylococcus aureus triethanolamine at F2, the inhibition zone was 12.3 mm on average.

POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIALS OF THE SEMI POLAR ETIL ACETATE OF BASIC LEAF (OCIMUM BASILICUM L) .GEOGRAPHIC AREAS OF HIGH PLANTS AND LOW PLANTS TO ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIA

Ismanurrahman Hadi, Mariam Ulfah, Nirma Rohmatika — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Infectious disease is a disease that can be caused by the presence of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. The most common infectious diseases are infections by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics causes bacteria to become resistant. Basil (Ocimum basillicum) leaves contain flavonoid compounds that have the potential as antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical content of two different regions, to determine the antibacterial activity of basil from two different regions and to compare the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. By using the post-test only control group design method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of basil leaves from two different areas was bacteriostatic. In this study, the highest inhibition zones were in the highlands and lowlands. for the highland S. aureus bacteria at a concentration of 60% with the best value of 8.5 and for the lowland area of ??60% with the best value of 8.32. While the lowland e.coli bacteria with the best value of 6.15 at a concentration of 20%, while the best value for the highland e.coli bacteria is 8.07 with a concentration of 60%. Based on the phytochemical test, the ethyl acetate fraction of basil leaves from two regions had secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. The results of the ANOVA statistical test showed that there was no significant difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone with the positive control fraction.

TINGKAT KEPATUHAN PASIEN HIPERTENSI - DIABETES MELLITUS DALAM MENGKONSUMSI OBAT

Dyah A Perwitasari, Diana Ma'rifatussofia — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit serius yang dapat menjadi penyebab terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskular lainnya seperti diabetes mellitus. Resistensi insulin pada penderita diabetes mellitus dapat meningkatkan retensi natrium di ginjal dan aktivitas sistem syaraf simpatik meningkatkan tekanan darah. Kepatuhan mengkonsumsi obat bagi penderita hipertensi disertai diabetes mellitus merupakan hal sangat penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan terapi. Tujuan dari penulisan review artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat kepatuhan pasien hipertensi-diabetes mellitus dalam mengkonsumi obat dari beberapa artikel. Metode yang digunakan dalam penyusunan artikel ini yaitu berdasar pencarian literatur melalui website online google scholar menggunakan kata kunci yang telah ditentukan. Dari pencarian literatur didapatkan 4 artikel yang sesuai dengan topik permasalahan, namun hanya diambil 3 artikel untuk direview. Hasil review dari 3 artikel dapat dilihat bahwa rata-rata presentase pasien yang patuh sebesar 48,15% (52 pasien), sedangkan rata-rata presentase pasien yang tidak patuh sebesar 51,85% (56 pasien). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat kepatuhan pasien hipertensi disertai diabetes mellitus dalam mengkonsumsi obat masih rendah. Ketidakpatuhan pasien dalam menjalani pengobatan dapat disebabkan dari berbagai faktor seperti, kesulitan dalam mengingat pengobatan, tidak suka dengan efek samping yang ditimbulkan, tidak nyaman apabila harus mengkonsumsi obat setiap harinya, dan lain sebagainya. Kepatuhan mengkonsumsi obat merupakan hal yang sangat penting, semakin patuh seseorang dalam mengkonsumsi obat maka dapat meminimalkan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan.

ANALISIS KADAR PROTEIN DAN CEMARAN MIKROORGANISME SERTA FORMALIN PADA TAHU PUTIH DARI BEBERAPA PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KOTA CIREBON

Ismanurrahman Hadi, Mariam Ulfah, Samsudin Ajhari — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Tahu adalah salah satu makanan yang paling populer di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia dan mengandung banyak manfaat termasuk protein. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar protein dari tahu putih dan mengetahui kandungan formalin serta cemaran mikroba yang terdapat pada produk makanan olahan tahu putih dari beberapa pasar tradisional kota Cirebon. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sampel yang di ambil dari tiga pasar tradisional kota Cirebon. Pengujian protein dilakukan dengan metode biuret untuk mengevaluasi kuantitatif kandungan protein. Selain itu cemaran mikroba diujikan secara kualitatif dengan metode methylen blue, serta kandungan bahan kimia obat (BKO) formalin dengan metode Jones dan reaksi oksidasi KMnO4. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan analisis kualitatif protein menunjukkan tahu putih dari ketiga pasar tradisional positif mengandung protein. Hasil analisis kuantitatif kadar protein memiliki kadar presentase tertinggi sebesar 2,64% dari pasar tradisional Z kota Cirebon. Analisis kualitatif formalin sampel tahu dari ketiga pasar tersebut tidak mengandung formalin dan pada pengujian methylen blue 2 dari 3 sampel pasar masuk dalam kategori penilaian sangat bagus karena memiliki kadar cemaran rendah mikroorganisme. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpukan bahwa tahu putih dari pasar tradisional kota Cirebon rendah cemaran mikroba, bebas formalin serta kadar protein tinggi.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN SHAMPO ANTIKETOMBE EKSTRAK DAUN SIRSAK (Annona mucirata L.) TERHADAP Candida albicans

Ade Irawan, Teguh Adiyas Putra, Wawan priyadi — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia adalah negara dengan iklim tropis, negara yang seimbang dimana mikroorganisme seperti jamur dapat dengan mudah tumbuh. Ada beberapa jenis jamur yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia, termasuk penyakit kulit. Penyakit kepala sering disebabkan oleh keringat dan kulit yang lembap. Salah satu penyakit kulit kepala yang disebabkan oleh Candida albicans adalah ketombe. Daun sirsak (annona mucirata L.) mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid dan saponin yang berfungsi sebagai antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi yang terbaik pada formulasi sediaan shampoo antiketobe pada ekstrak daun sirsak (annona mucirata L.) untuk menghambat aktivitas jamur Candida albicans. Penelitian ini termasuk kedalam jenis penelitian ekspiremental laboratorium dalam rancangan only control. Pada penelitian dilakukan pembuatan formulasi sediaan shampoo dari ekstrak daun sirsak (annona mucirata L.) dengan konsentrasi 20%, 35%, dan 50%. Untuk memperoleh sediaan yang terbaik formulasi sediaan shampoo dilakukan evaluasi sediaan serta uji antifungi. Evaluasi sediaan yang meliputi uji organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, tinngi busa. Uji aktivatas antifungi Candida albicans dilakukan dengan metode sumuran menggunakan media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Jamur diinokulasi menggunakan NaCl 0,9% yang dituangkan kedalam cawan petri yang berisikan sampel sediaan shampoo ekstrak daun sirsak. F1 (20%), F2 (35%), F3 (50%), Kontrol negatif (shampoo tampa zat aktif), dan kontrol positif (shampoo ketoconazole 2%). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada ekstrak sediaan shampo daun sirsak pada F1 memiliki daya hambat rata-rata 21,66 mm, F2 20,33 mm, F3 22 mm dan kontrol positif 33 mm. dari hasil yang didapat bahwa dari ketiga formulasi. F3 memiliki daya hambat yang lebih besar dengan rata-rata 22 mm.

Kata kunci: Shampoo antiketombe, Candida albicans, ekstrak daun sirsak (annona mucirata L.).

FORMULASI SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MANGGA VARIETAS CENGKIR (Mangifera Indica L.) SEBAGAI ANTIFUNGI Candida albicans

Teguh Adiyas Putra, Ismanurrahman Hadi, Joko Purwanto — Thu, 13 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Daun mangga cengkir (Mangifera indica L.) mengandung senyawa polifenol yang berfungsi sebagai antifungi untuk menyembuhkan dari patogen jamur Candida albicans. Sejauh ini belum ditemukan adanya penelitian mengenai formulasi sediaan krim ekstrak etanol daun mangga cengkir sebagai antifungi. Dalam penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa antijamur dalam daun mangga varietas cengkir (Mangifera indica L.), krim diformulasikan dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun mangga varietas cengkir F1 3,5%, F2 5,5%, dan F3 7,5%. Evaluasi krim dilihat dari beberapa pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi organoleptis, uji daya lekat, uji daya sebar, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji tipe krim. Aktivitas antifungi C. albicans dilakukan dengan metode sumuran menggunakan media Potato Dextrosa Agar (PDA), kemudian jamur diinokulasikan menggunakan NaCL 0,9% dituang ke petri dish dan dibuat 5 lubangyang berisi sampel krim K- (krim tanpa zat aktif), K (+) (krim ketokonazole 2%), F1 (3,5%), F2 (5,5%), F3 (7,5%) . Hasil penelitian aktifitas antifungi C. albicans diperoleh krim dengan daya zona hambat sebesar F1 0 mm, F2 7 mm, F3 14 mm, dari pengukuran daya zona hambat menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak maka semakin luas daya zona hambat antifungi C. albicans. analisis data aktifitas antifungi C. albicans annova setiap sampel formula memiliki konsentrasi yang berbeda signifikan